Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Buddhism - Research Paper Example Despite the fact that its spread was at first moderate, it was helped by Ashoka, who was the sovereign of Maurya and the religion’s impassioned supporter. He, along with his relatives, advanced the development of strict commemorations of Buddhism known as stupas, and their endeavors spread the religion past the swelled Maurya Empire into adjoining regions. They brought Buddhism into Central Asia and Afghanistan’s areas that spoke Iranian, just as Sri Lanka. This paper will explore on the historical backdrop of Buddhism and its appearance on the way of life of Southern India including Arts, Epics and design, for example, sanctuaries and burial chambers. There is general accord among most history specialists that the inceptions of Buddhism are in north India’s time of the fifth century BCE. Its conventions can be followed to the introduction of Siddhartha Gautama, prevalently known as Buddha and indicating the Enlightened or Awakened one, who was conceived in Nepal ’s Lumbini region. Buddha watched the world’s enduring and invested in discover its cure. He accomplished a condition of illumination through investigation and intercession, which portrayed the finish of enduring brought about by connections and freedom from the arrangement of resurrection upon death. Buddhism’s most punctual stage, the Pre-partisan Buddhism, had the Vinaya Pitaka as its fundamental sacred writings and Nakayas’ four standards, otherwise called the Agamas (Takakusu 134). The Early Buddhist Schools opine that the Buddhist board was directed after the demise of Buddha (or parinirvana), where lessons were orally transmitted. The board was principally to recount lessons all in all to guarantee there were no blunders in the oral transmissions. The devout code, otherwise called Vinaya, was presented by Upali, and Buddha’s most loved supporter and cousin Ananda recounted his exercises known s the Sutras. The Early Mahayana Buddhism was con formed to 100 BCE and completely settled in 100 AD on the suspicion that its reality was discrete from the opposition of the Hinayana schools. The Late Mahayana Buddhism saw the advancement of four key considerations which were Madhyamaka, Tathagatagarba, Yogacara and the latest Buddhist Logic (Takakusu 114). Hinduism incredibly affected Esoteric Buddhism. The time of Ashoka is extraordinarily credited with the spread of the religion outside India as emissaries were sent to different nations, particularly the eastern territories that neighbored the Seleucid Empire and further on to the Hellenistic realms. That spread guaranteed that Buddhism collaborated with other assorted ethnic gatherings, presenting it to different impacts that originated from the Greek and Persian human advancement. Buddhism’s creativity began dividing in resulting hundreds of years, with the most perceptible split happening in the wake of leading the second gathering which came a century after the first was held. Following discussions among conventionalists and liberal gatherings, the liberal gatherings named themselves s the Mahasangha and left, in the end advancing into North Asia’s Mahayana custom. On their part, the conventionalists marked themselves as Sthaviranda, which implied the method of the older folks, thought of a lot of complex philosophical ideas by and large known as Abhidharma, which went past the ones that Buddha had uncovered. Nonetheless, the Abhidharma before long offered ascend to contradictions, urging more splinter gatherings to leave the overlap, inevitably creating 18 unique schools that had various translations of

Essentials of How to Write a College English Paper

Essentials of How to Write a College English PaperThere are different aspects that you need to be aware of when you are about to prepare a college paper. You should be careful about the type of paper you are preparing so that it has no room for any errors in spelling, grammar and other aspects that could mar your papers with low marks.Writing a paper for college is different from writing a paper for home or as a hobby. When you are about to prepare a college paper, you should be familiar with the basic ideas about the college paper. There are various aspects that are important for a proper writing that is expected from a college student.The first part of writing a college papers is to write an introduction that will give the reader a little information about the main idea that the paper will be focused on. This is an important aspect because the introduction should also give enough information about the paper that the reader can get a sense of what the paper will be all about. This p art can also include the writer's goals and motives for writing the paper. If this information is presented well, the writer can easily win the support of the reader.The first part of the paper will also contain a section that includes the introduction. In this part, the writer will explain the details of the topic. While this information is essential for a successful paper, the writer should also present the main idea of the paper as clearly as possible so that the readers will get a good idea about the purpose of the paper.Finally, the introduction is also where the paper introduces the students. For a successful introduction, the writer should also be as detailed as possible about the problems that the students are facing and the solutions that they have found for them.After the introduction, the essay will follow by describing the main idea that the writer is trying to express. The writing in this part of the paper should show a glimpse into the author's perception or viewpoint on the topic.One of the most important things that you need to know about how to write a college paper is the content of the paper. When it comes to content, there are several aspects that you need to consider in creating the material. You will also need to know the basics about this in order to know the important details that you need to include in the paper.Since there are various aspects that will determine how well you will prepare a college papers, you will want to consider these as well. These aspects are not just the right content; they are also the important aspects that should be included in your paper. In the end, you will be able to write a paper that would make the readers feel at ease when they finish reading it.

Comparing Courage and Cowardice in A Dolls House, Ghosts and Hedda Gab

Boldness and Cowardice in A Doll's House, Ghosts and Hedda Gabler All effective show comprises of contention, regardless of whether between or inside characters. Henrik Ibsen's work, A Doll's House is no exception.â Ibsen's play examines Nora's initial mental fortitude and her affirmation of that fearlessness toward the finish of the play. Nora's quality of character in fashioning her dad's mark on an advance, and the repercussions of that demonstration, give a great part of the main impetus for the show. However, Nora's extraordinary decision stays until the last demonstration. She talks about the most great thing, she has incalculable chances to escape from her quandary through the help of Krogstad or Rank, yet it isn't until the last pages of Act IV that her ultimate conclusion, and that resonating entryway hammer, underscore Nora's last fearless decision to leave her significant other and unfortunate marriage. In the event that A Doll's House takes an early demonstration of mental fortitude as its main impetus, its replacement, Ghosts, utilizes one of weakness. Mrs. Alving's initial inability to uncover her better half's actual character and activities to his kids gives the disastrous imperfection for t...

The Devolution of Man Animalistic Sexual Desire in Tobacco Road and Child of God - Literature Essay Samples

Both Caldwell’s Tobacco Road and McCarthy’s Child of God concern themselves with quintessential poor white people. Tobacco Road follows the Lester family, a poor family on the outskirts of town, struggling for food and money during the Great Depression, whereas Child of God follows Lester Ballard, a man who lost his land and subsequently loses his mind. In both of these novels, the theme of devolution is explored. These authors reduce their characters to their most primitive, animalistic state, reflecting what loss can do to the individual. One of these animalistic characteristics is craving sex. When comparing both of these novels and their characters’ subsequent attitudes concerning sex, it becomes apparent that this animalistic, sexual desire is especially prevalent in the devolution of poor white communities. Caldwell’s Tobacco Road opens with Lov Bensey on his way home, thinking about his new wife, Pearl, and her avoidance of having sex with him. On his way home, he stops by his father-in-law’s, Jeeter Lester, house to try to convince Lester to talk to Pearl. He argues, â€Å"I’ve got the need of Pearl for a wife as bad as any man ever had† (4). The reader can assume this â€Å"need of Pearl as a wife† alludes to her having sex with him. Through this quote, it becomes immediately apparent just how focused Lov is on sex. He is starving, walking seven miles every day to get turnips; however, he is most preoccupied with sex. This may be a normal human want, but Caldwell differentiates Lov’s state of mind with that of the average married man when he writes, â€Å"For the past few weeks, Lov had been thinking about taking some plow-lines and tying pearl to the bed at night. He had tried everything else that he could think of so far, expect force, and he was still determined to make her act as he thought a wife should† (5). After Caldwell provides this insight into Lov’s mind, it becomes apparent that Lov no longer has normal, healthy sexual urges. He is considering resorting to violence and rape, proving that he will do nearly anything to fulfill his sexual cravings. After stopping by Lester’s house, however, Lov is able to relieve some of his sexual frustrations due to the curiosity and determination of Ellie May, his sister in law, and her own sexual desires. Caldwell writes that Lov nearly forgets about his unwilling wife because, â€Å"now that Ellie May had dragged herself all the way across the yard, and was now sitting on his legs, Lov was thinking only of Ellie May† (26). Lov is so focused on his own sexual urges that they become all that matters to him in that immediate moment. He forgets not only his young wife at home, but also, â€Å"he would forget that he had turnips. She had made him forget everything† (27). One would think that food would be most people’s top priority during the Great Depression; however, Lov’s animalistic instincts appeared in this time of need, and he chose sex over protecting his food. Jeeter Lester, the patriarch of the Lester family, has a wife, so one would assume that his sexual urges would be fairly tame; however, this is not the case. After Sister Bessie marries his son, Dude, Lester makes it extremely apparent that he is lusting after her, disregarding his own wife. After interrupting Sister Bessie and Dude attempting to consummate their marriage, Caldwell writes, â€Å"Jeeter looked at Bessie. He pulled back the quilt so he could see her better† (108). Jeeter has a wife; he should not need to look at other women for satisfaction. However, all of this changes with his devolution. Because of his loss of land, work, and food, he has reverted to a primitive, animalistic state, trying to find sex wherever he can. Jeeter even says himself, â€Å"No matter how many children a man’s got, he always wants to get more† (109). Jeeter is not afraid to say or show that he wants Bessie. Even with his wife beside him, he tries to see Bessie’s na ked body (127). He disregards love, loyalty, and morals, all because he cannot contain his intense, primitive sexual cravings. However, it is not just the males that have sexual urges in this novel but some of the women as well. This notion is apparent in Ellie May’s desire to be with Lov, but it is additionally explored with the character of Sister Bessie. Bessie is sexual throughout the entire novel, especially when trying to seduce Dude after their wedding day (105); however, her sexual desires are most prominent in her stay with Dude and Lester at the hotel in Augusta. It is assumed that Bessie is prostituted throughout the rooms when she states, â€Å"Every once in a while someone came and called me to another room. Every room I went to there was somebody sleeping in the bed†¦ I didn’t sleep none, except about an hour just a while ago. There sure is a lot of men staying there† (150). Bessie does not protest to any of this prostituting; she goes where she is told and does what is expected of her. The readers could assume Bessie preforms these acts because she believes it is â₠¬Å"what women ought to do† (49); however, she truly enjoys hopping rooms overnight, exclaiming, â€Å"I truly had the best time last night. It made me feel good, staying there† (152). Here, it becomes apparent that Bessie is not accepting being prostituted because she feels it is what she should do but that she is accepting it because she feels is if what she wants to do. Just like the men in this novel, after the loss of her first husband, Bessie has animalistic, primitive sexual cravings that she will fill wherever is possible. Through naming his protagonist Lester Ballard, one can assume that Caldwell’s Tobacco Road provided much inspiration for McCarthy’s Child of God; this is apparent not only in characters names and settings, but also in the themes of devolution and animalistic, sexual desire. The first glimpse the readers get into this primitive lifestyle is through the characters of the dumpkeeper and his daughters. One summer day, the dumpkeeper catches one of his daughters having sex in the woods (27). The boy runs away, and McCarthy writes, â€Å"Next thing [the dumpkeeper] knew his overalls were about his knees and he was mounting her† (27-28). This is the most primitive, animalistic form that sexual desire can take. The dumpkeeper caught his daughter and presumably was filled with both arousal and rage, prompting him to rape her. Similar to Lov’s rape â€Å"solution† in Tobacco Road, rape is an impulsive, â€Å"last-resort† decision for both of these char acters. They have been without sex for so long and are so full of anger that they are willing to devolve into animalistic sexual behaviors. Though the dumpkeeper provides the readers with the first instance of primitive sexual urges, McCarthy uses the protagonist, Lester Ballard, to explore these urges to their full extent. The moment after Ballard loses his land, he begins his devolution in to a primitive, animalistic state. One characteristic of this state is his intense sexual desires, which become apparent when he happens upon a coital, dead couple (86). The first action that Ballard takes after realizing this couple is dead is entirely sexual. McCarthy writes, â€Å"He could see one of the girl’s breasts†¦ Ballard stared for a long time. Finally he reached across the dead man’s back and touched the breast†¦ He stroked the full brown nipple with the ball of his thumb† (87). Because he only barely relieved his sexual urges, Ballard wants more. He moves the man’s body out of the way and, â€Å"Kneeling there between the girl’s legs he undid his buckle and lowered his trouse rs. A crazed gymnast laboring over a cold corpse. He poured into that waxen ear everything he’d ever thought of saying to a woman† (88). This is a crucial moment in measuring Ballard’s devolution. He is already homeless and starving, but he still craves sexual intimacy. Because he is rapidly devolving into a primitive state, he will find this intimacy wherever he can, including a dead body. However, this sexual encounter is not a one-time experience. Ballard, despite relieving his sexual urges, still craves more. After taking the body of the girl home, he goes into town and buys makeup and clothes for her. Ballard then dresses up the corpse, and McCarthy writes, â€Å"He undressed her very slowly, talking to her. Then he pulled off his trousers and lay next to her. He spread her loose thighs. You been wantin it, he told her† (103). Relieving his sexual desires is no longer an impulse decision; Ballard has brought this corpse home knowing he would use her for this purpose. His animalistic sexual desires have become so intense that he feels he needs an ever-present outlet. After this corpse is incinerated in a house fire, Ballard finds a replacement, proving that he is a victim to his own sexual urges and that his primitive side has taken over. Throughout this novel, it would seem as if only poor white people have these animalistic sexual desires; however, a tale told about Sheriff Fate challenges this notion. The narrator of this section of the novel states that Fate once happened upon a boy and a girl in a car on Frog Mountain, where he then asked the boy to step out of the car, knowing that he was in the middle of having sex, and then lets him go after humiliating him (44-45). This scene can be overlooked and justified as Fate just being obscene; however, in the context of the novel, it is representative of so much more. After being arrested for false rape charges, Ballard tells Fate, â€Å"You kindly got henhouse ways yourself, Sheriff,† meaning that Fate is just the same as he is (56). With this in mind, Fate’s confrontation of the couple on Frog Mountain becomes immoral. Fate disturbed this couple on the mountain not because they were breaking the law but because it provided him with entertainment. He is seemingly able to hide his sexual urges in his everyday life; however, they still need to be released. He has animalistic, sexual desires just like Ballard, but he is just able to acknowledge them more discreetly due to his lack of apparent devolution. Caldwell’s Tobacco Road and McCarthy’s Child of God both deal with the topic of the devolution of mankind in poor white trash, resulting in characters with primitive, animalistic sexual desires. This is apparent in poor white trash males, such as Lov and Jeeter Lester in Tobacco Road and the dumpkeeper and Lester Ballard in Child of God; females, such as Ellie May and Bessie; and normal, working class citizens, such as Sheriff Fate as well. This insight into the personal lives of these characters not only provides the reader with a sense of intrigue and disgust but also leads to the realization that they, too, may have these desires deep inside as well.

Essay on The Cuban Revolution - 2746 Words

Understanding the Insurrection and Seizure of Power [1952-1959] Marifeli Pà ©rez-Stable looks back at the Cuban Revolution through a sociological lens in her book The Cuban Revolution. Pà ©rez-Stable claims that Cubans held national independence and social justice as goals ever since the end of the nineteenth century. Radical nationalism remained important in Cubans’ view of themselves and their ideals. Thus, Pà ©rez-Stable argues that the origins of the Cuban Revolution of 1959 lie in the independence movement against Spain and the frustrations from the unfulfilled goals they had kept since before the turn of the century (Pà ©rez-Stable 1998, p 4). In the introduction of The Cuban Revolution, the author lists six factors which made†¦show more content†¦had lost its Platt amendment that had put Cuba in a position of mediated sovereignty since 1901, but with the sugar quotas, a relationship of dependence was still in existence. The Cuba That Might Have Been Pà ©rez-Stable concludes the first chapter of The Cuban Revolution with a section entitled: The Cuba That Might Have Been. She talks about how the transformation of monoculture appeared to be in the future, how U.S. capital was on the rise into Cuba, how tourism was booming into a significant new industry, and how a few other industries were in a position likely to succeed in the 1960s. In a quick change of direction, Pà ©rez-Stable doubts the likelihood of successful national capitalist development and stable representative democracy. Despite the claims made in Jorge Silvas conclusion that Pà ©rez-Stable believed stable democracy would have been probable, Pà ©rez-Stable makes it clear that the positive economic trend that Cuba seemed to be following, would not have, fostered a national capitalistic society with a stable form of representative democracy (J Silva). Pà ©rez-Stable comes right out and states, The road not taken would have been unlikely to foster national ca pitalist development and stable representative democracy (Pà ©rez-Stable, p 34). Furthermore, Silva falsely claims that Pà ©rez-Stable neglected to mention theShow MoreRelatedCuban Revolution And The Revolution1309 Words   |  6 PagesCuba’s history, the Cuban revolution. The factors that caused the revolution and the main events during changed the lives of Cuba’s people as well as North Americans. Cuba was a poor, uneducated, country controlled by a brutal dictator in 1953. The attack on the Moncoda barracks and other confrontations caused the people of Cuba to react – storming the presidential palace and rioting. Castro and his men were starting to win against Batista’s despite the numbers. After the revolution Fidel Castro tookRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Cuban Revolution1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cuban revolution was the spark that ignited the flame of communism in Cuba. 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The Rise Of The Industrial Revolution - 942 Words

Imagine this, a farmer is trying to make ends meet with the little resources that he has. The farmer only has broad daylight, two hands, tools, and fertile soil. However, even though the farmer has determination to make vast production, time waits for noone.What happens when the sun goes down, when the farmer’s hands begin to blister, maybe the farmer will become dehydrated and will have to stop production? There’s a famous quote that states â€Å"time is money,†which before the Industrial Revolution was admittedly true. Merchants could not spare a second because time could not afford to be wasted. Furthermore, during the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which took place during the18th and 19th century, merchants were eleiviated of the burden of meager income, malnutrition, and etc. Which of course sounds great, who wouldn’t want a huge weight to be lifted off their shoulders? However, although author Kevin Shultz in his work HIST3 gives great detail as to how the emersion of the â€Å"Wild West† brought along some of our favorite cowboy stories and the increase in production ratings, Shultz fails to acknowledge how the Industrial Revolution negatively affected the Native Americans and the Chinese.Thus, the downside of the Industrial Revolution will be critically analyzed in accordance from Chief Red Cloud’s speech, as well as and *put other author* and their work *put title of work* In the light of, by the middle 1800s, almost all the Native Americans had been moved west of theShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution937 Words   |  4 Pagesvoices and ideologies within the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution began in England around the eighteenth century. It was a period of time where there was a transition from rural agriculture to powered machinery, and mass production of goods. 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It is consideredRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay serves to outline the factors that contributed to the rise of sociology and the latter`s development. In simply terms, sociology is the scientific study of the society and human behavior. The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scien tific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MEXICO (FDI) Essay Example For Students

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MEXICO (FDI) Essay FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MEXICO (FDI)INTRODUCTIONMexico is the top trading nation in Latin America and the ninth-largest economy in the world. No country has signed more free trade agreements 33 in all, including the two biggest markets in the world, the US and the EU. Altogether these signatory countries make up a preferential market of over more than billion consumers. Much of the FDI in Mexico is attracted by the countrys strategic location within the North American Free Trade Agreement, which has positioned it as a springboard to the US and Canada. Other attractions are competitive production costs and a young, skilled workforce, together with political stability and an open economy. As a result, the number of foreign companies established in Mexico has risen to more than 16,000. The opportunities for investors are numerous, particularly in sectors such as automotive, electronics, information and communication technology, agribusiness, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, financial services, water and power generation. As part of the Mexican governments campaign to attract FDI, the 44 overseas offices of the Mexican Bank for Foreign Trade (Bancomext) operate as trade commissions that offer advice and assistance to potential investors. Mexico has long been one of the more attractive nations in which to make an investment, whether in manufacturing or infrastructure FDI. The large population, inexpensive labor pool, stable political environment and proximity to the US have given it significant advantages over other potential recipients of FDI. Mexico is a showcase of how emerging markets can attract foreign capital flows into their economies. In 1999, Mexico remained the third main destination of FDI among emerging markets only after China and Brazil. On a worldwide basis, Mexico ranks 15th among FDI recipients accounting for 1.3 percent of total investment flows. During the first three months of 2000, Mexico received US$3 billion in FDI and it is expected that the year will end at US$12 billion. In addition to Mexicos economic reforms and liberalization processes, an important element in making Mexico a very attractive market for foreign investors has been the negotiation of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). To this date, Mexico has established these kinds of agreements with 13 countries (Argentina, Austria, Benelux, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Uruguay). It has concluded negotiations with Sweden, Greece and South Korea, and is currently negotiating with Cuba, the United Kingdom, Israel and Japan. Ireland is on Mexicos list for a future BIT. ECONOMIC INFORMATION Population: 102.3m Population growth: 1.45% Population density (people per sq. km): 54UN Human Development Index ranking: 53/177Gross national income (current US$): $637.2bn (2003)Gross national income per capita: $6,230PPP Gross national income: $915.4bnPPP Gross national income per capita: $8,950GDP growth: -0.1% (2003)GDP breakdown Agriculture: 4.1%, Industry: 26.39%, Services: 69.57%Inflation (12-month average): 6.49 (2003)Gross capital formation as % of GDP: 19.83%Final consumption expenditure as % of GDP: (growth) 81.8% (2.9%)Exports of goods services as % of GDP: 28.4%Top 3 export markets: US, Canada, GermanyLocal industries: Food beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourismWEF Growth Competitiveness ranking * : 48/104WEF Business Competitiveness ranking ** : 55/103WEF Quality of the Bu siness Environment ranking : 56/103Transparency International Corruption Perceptions ranking: 64/145Languages: Spanish (official)FDI INFORMATION Region: Central America No. of projects (Jan-Sep 2004): 298 Market-share of projects in the region: 65.8%Value of projects relative to GDP: 4.8%Top 3 destination sectors: Metals/mining, hotels, tourism leisure, consumer electronicsTop 3 business functions: Manufacturing, retail, extractionTop 3 source countries: US, Japan, CanadaTop 3 investors: Ford, LG, ElectroluxFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTForeign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment made by foreign individuals or companies that establish operations in Mexico; it represents a contribution to the initial capital stock of the new society, an increment of the same capital in already established companies or the price of real estate trusteeships. All the previous include fixed assets and labor capital investments to perform trade activities in Mexico. The liberalization of policies in Mexi co during the 1990s have been highly successful in promoting trade and in attracting greater flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI and exports are currently the driving force behind economic growth and job creation. In the last five years, the rate of employment in firms with FDI has grown twice as fast as the national average. FDI has also played a key role in creating new and better paying jobs. The Commerce and Industrial Promotion Secretariat (SECOFI) promotes and regulates foreign investment, directing it to Mexico and contributing to national development. Investments involved in asset transference made by Mexican investors to foreign investors are also considered foreign investments, through them DFI totally or partially acquires Mexican societies already established. The network of free trade agreements and market oriented policies has made Mexico one of the most attractive countries for national and foreign direct investment (FDI). Manufacturing activities have especially benefited from increased foreign capital inflows, accounting for more than 75 percent of total FDI in Mexico: 57 percent went to the production of metal goods; machinery and equipment; 16 percent to food and beverages; and 9 percent to chemicals and plastics FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IS GROWING Mexicos opening to the world economy reaffirms the conviction of attaining a better world linked by the opportunities free trade offers to nations and peoples. Foreign direct investment in Mexico is expected to reach US$12.4 billion, almost 25 per cent more than in 1999. Together the free trade agreement with Israel and those in effect with eight countries in the Western Hemisphere, the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union will place Mexico in a unique position in world trade in the 21st century. The President of Panasonic de Mexico, Yoshihisa Toki, commented that his company intends to make a significant contribution to employment creation and will transfer administrative responsibilities to local employees. It will also encourage the development of business ventures compatible with Mexicos environment in order to create a truly innovative industry. Likewise, Mr. Toki mentioned his interest in supporting the development of Mexicos industry. Meanwhile, the Director of Corporate Development, Sales and Marketing of Magna International, Wilfried F. Bartsch, remarked that this Canadian group is extremely interested in investment opportunities in Mexico. This is mainly the result of the possibilities generated by the North American Free Trade Agreement for the automotive and auto-parts industries. President Vicente Fox mentioned that the Mexican people want an economy that generates the resources required to bring education and health care to more people, and increase the coverage of housing programs, electricity, drinking water and drainage networks to overcome backwardness and give Mexicans the chance to break the circle of poverty through their own effortsINVESTORS LEGALLY PERMITTED Foreign individuals or companies carrying out commerce activities in Mexico and Foreign Investors offices established in the country. Mexican Societies with foreign participation of any kind in DFIs. Trust Institutions participating in real estate trusteeships from which rights that favor foreign investors emerge. LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Foreign Investment Law was published in the Federations Official Gazette the 27th of December of 1993 and reformed by decrees published the 24th of December of 1998 and the 23rd of January of 19998. The Foreign Investment and National Foreign Investment Records Office Regulations were published the 8th of September of 1998 and came into effect the 7th of September of the same year. In the dispositions of such regulations it is established that foreign investments may participate in any proportion of the capital stock of Mexican societies, acquire fixed assets, enter new fields of economic activity or manufacture new lines of products, open and operate establishments and enlarge or move those already existing. The Sun EssayThe Commerce and Industrial Promotion Secretariat (SECOFI) promotes and regulates foreign investment, directing it to Mexico and contributing to national development. Investments involved in asset transference made by Mexican investors to foreign investors are also considered foreign investments, through them DFI totally or partially acquires Mexican societies already established. The network of free trade agreements and market oriented policies has made Mexico one of the most attractive countries for national and foreign direct investment (FDI). Manufacturing activities have especially benefited from increased foreign capital inflows, accounting for more than 75 percent of total FDI in Mexico: 57 percent went to the production of metal goods; machinery and equipment; 16 percent to food and beverages; and 9 percent to chemicals and plastics FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IS GROWING Mexicos opening to the world economy reaffirms the conviction of attaining a better world linked by the opportunities free trade offers to nations and peoples. Foreign direct investment in Mexico is expected to reach US$12.4 billion, almost 25 per cent more than in 1999. Together the free trade agreement with Israel and those in effect with eight countries in the Western Hemisphere, the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union will place Mexico in a unique position in world trade in the 21st century. The President of Panasonic de Mexico, Yoshihisa Toki, commented that his company intends to make a significant contribution to employment creation and will transfer administrative responsibilities to local employees. It will also encourage the development of business ventures compatible with Mexicos environment in order to create a truly innovative industry. Likewise, Mr. Toki mentioned his interest in supporting the development of Mexicos industry. Meanwhile, the Director of Corporate Development, Sales and Marketing of Magna International, Wilfried F. Bartsch, remarked that this Canadian group is extremely interested in investment opportunities in Mexico. This is mainly the result of the possibilities generated by the North American Free Trade Agreement for the automotive and auto-parts industries. President Vicente Fox mentioned that the Mexican people want an economy that generates the resources required to bring education and health care to more people, and increase the coverage of housing programs, electricity, drinking water and drainage networks to overcome backwardness and give Mexicans the chance to break the circle of poverty through their own effortsINVESTORS LEGALLY PERMITTED Foreign individuals or companies carrying out commerce activities in Mexico and Foreign Investors offices established in the country. Mexican Societies with foreign participation of any kind in DFIs. Trust Institutions participating in real estate trusteeships from which rights that favor foreign investors emerge. LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Foreign Investment Law was published in the Federations Official Gazette the 27th of December of 1993 and reformed by decrees published the 24th of December of 1998 and the 23rd of January of 19998. The Foreign Investment and National Foreign Investment Records Office Regulations were published the 8th of September of 1998 and came into effect the 7th of September of the same year. In the dispositions of such regulations it is established that foreign investments may participate in any proportion of the capital stock of Mexican societies, acquire fixed assets, enter new fields of economic activity or manufacture new lines of products, open and operate establishments and enlarge or move those already existing. The Mexican Government defines the following activity groups specifically regulated:States exclusive activities. Mexican citizens exclusive activities. Activities having limited DFI percentages. Activities having a previous resolution of the National Foreign Investment Commission which makes DFI participate. STATES EXCLUSIVE ACTIVITIES Article 5 specifies the following strategic areas in which neither foreigners nor Mexican societies may participate, that is, these areas are exclusively for the Mexican government:Oil and other hydrocarbonsbasic petrochemical activitieselectricitynuclear energy generationradioactive mineralssatellite communicationmail servicesrail roadsbill issuingcoiningcontrolsupervision and vigilance of portstelegraphsradiotelegraphyACTIVITIES EXCLUSIVELY RESERVED FOR MEXICAN CITIZENS Article 6 mentions the societies and economic activities exclusively reserved to Mexican citizens or to Mexican societies (excluding foreigners):National terrestrial passenger transportation; tourism and load transportation, not including shipping services; retail sale of gasoline and liquefied gas distribution; radio broadcasting services and other radio and television services (except cable TV); credit unions; development banking institutions (under the terms of the applicable law); and the rendering of professional and technical services expressly established by current legal dispositions. For no reason may the DFI directly participate in activities and societies mentioned by this article; nor even through trusteeships, agreements, social or statutory treaties, pyramidal schemes or through any other mechanism that gives them some kind of control or participation. AREAS WHERE FDI CAN PARTICIPATE WITH AN ESTABLISHED PERCENTAGE Article 7 details the following economic activities and societies in which DFI may participate with the following percentages: 10% and Up in Cooperative Production Societies. 25% and Up in National Air Transportation, aerial-taxi transportation and specialized Air Transportation. 49% and Up in Financial Group controlling Societies; Multiple Banking Institutions; Stock Markets; stock exchange transaction Specialists; Insurance Institutions; Money Exchange Offices; General Deposit Warehouses, Financial Lessee; Retirement Funds Administrators; explosive, fire arm, ammunition and fireworks manufacturing and commercialization (not including the purchase and usage of explosives and the elaboration of explosive mixtures for industrial and extractive activities); and the printing and publication of journals exclusively for the national territory. NATIONAL FOREIGN INVESTMENT REGISTRY (RNIE) The Commerce and Industrial Promotion Secretariat (SECOFI) is in charge of this registry which is under the direction of the Executive Secretary of the Foreign Investment National Commission. The RNIE is divided in three sections where persons, societies and trusteeships are to be subscribed, according to article 32 and which denominations are:First Section: Individuals and Foreign CorporationsSecond Section: SocietiesThird Sections: TrusteeshipsREQUIREMENTS TO ENTER THE RNIE A written application using the official format must be presented in original and two copies and the following documents must be annexed: Incorporation papers, contract or any other establishing documents; the statutes by means of which the corporation is governed; the legal representatives power of attorney given before a notary public and evidence of rights payment as established in the Federal Rights Law. Whenever it is needed the applicant must obtain a favorable resolution from the Commission in order to participate in a given activity, such resolution must be previously negotiated and annexed to the application. All documents presented in a language different to Spanish must come with a translation made by an expert translator. SECTORS WHERE THE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IS DIRECTED TO Manufacture Industry participates with 79.0%Transportation and Communications with 3.0%Financial Services with 2.9%Construction with 0.4%Extractive Industry with 0.3%Farming with 0.1% Electricity and water with 0.1%COUNTRIES FROM WHERE THE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT COMES FROM Direct Foreign investments made in Mexico come mainly from the United States, Holland, Germany, Canada, Spain, the United Kingdom and Japan. FDI has enabled Mexico to acquire new technologies, improve infra-structure, stimulate productivity, and increase competitiveness in world markets. Today, Mexico is a major producer and exporter of automobiles, TV sets and laptop computers. More and more, foreign companies are participating in Mexicos development and have become a key element in Mexicos industrial transformation. Fresh capital has contributed the remaking of its industrial base, turning the country into what Business Week has called a new industrial powerhouse.CONCLUSION